Table 1 Descriptive statistics and percentage of patients with missing entries (Miss. %) for the training, validation and test sets of the Optum cohort and the external TriNetX test cohort.

Patients [#]

23,692

–

9477

–

14,215

–

5005

–

COVID-19 [%]

100.00

–

100.00

–

100.00

–

100.00

–

Hispanic [%]

11.90

–

11.44

–

12.18

–

5.57

–

Black [%]

23.33

–

23.94

–

23.30

–

37.74

–

Caucasian [%]

50.19

–

49.67

–

49.31

–

40.28

–

Asian [%]

3.41

–

3.43

–

3.61

–

3.30

–

Inpatient admission [%]

32.16

–

33.06

–

32.24

–

n/a

100.00

ICU admission [%]

7.12

–

7.13

–

7.13

–

n/a

100.00

Mortality [%]

5.34

–

5.38

–

5.38

–

6.91

–

Model inputs

Female [%]

54.14

0.04

54.16

0.03

54.15

0.04

53.67

–

Age [years]

54.00 (27.00, 80.00)

–

54.00 (27.00, 80.00)

–

54.00 (27.00, 80.00)

–

55.00 (30.00, 78.00)

–

Weight [kg]

82.97 (58.97, 117.93)

42.90

82.81 (58.23, 117.93)

42.11

82.70 (58.94, 117.52)

42.48

n/a

100.00

Height [cm]

167.64 (154.94, 182.88)

47.27

167.64 (154.94, 182.88)

46.74

167.64 (154.94, 182.88)

46.68

n/a

100.00

BMI [kg/m²]

29.32 (22.05, 40.64)

46.13

29.32 (21.95, 40.71)

45.65

29.26 (22.02, 40.74)

45.64

28.19 (19.35, 36.57)

79.02

Intubation [%]

4.23

–

4.22

–

4.24

–

9.53

–

Temperature [^∘C]

36.90 (36.45, 37.61)

37.75

36.90 (36.43, 37.63)

36.56

36.90 (36.46, 37.63)

37.50

36.94 (36.28, 37.56)

84.06

SpO₂ [%]

96.33 (93.38, 99.00)

35.50

96.33 (93.32, 99.00)

34.45

96.29 (93.38, 99.00)

35.26

95.00 (90.71, 98.00)

82.44

Heart rate [/min]

84.33 (68.89, 102.67)

38.14

84.36 (68.29, 102.17)

37.04

84.70 (68.80, 102.93)

37.46

84.56 (66.48, 103.00)

79.82

Respiratory rate [/min]

18.59 (16.00, 24.00)

42.74

18.57 (16.00, 24.00)

41.87

18.67 (16.00, 24.00)

42.21

18.50 (16.00, 24.93)

75.42

Dyspnoea [%]

57.07

–

57.55

–

56.38

–

48.09

–

Sys. blood pressure [mmHg]

125.16 (108.22, 146.96)

39.24

125.21 (108.69, 146.76)

38.42

125.00 (108.31, 146.43)

38.56

126.00 (107.00, 148.00)

42.12

Dias. blood pressure [mmHg]

73.38 (61.67, 87.00)

39.27

73.58 (61.69, 87.26)

38.39

73.60 (61.69, 87.03)

38.58

73.50 (60.10, 87.00)

42.12

Kidney disease [%]

13.13

–

13.13

–

13.42

–

14.53

–

Ischaemic heart disease [%]

18.71

–

19.62

–

18.07

–

15.26

–

Other heart diseases [%]

53.55

–

54.01

–

54.06

–

56.36

–

Cerebovascular disease [%]

10.43

–

10.93

–

10.63

–

10.51

–

Hypertension [%]

46.10

–

45.85

–

46.16

–

48.37

–

Diabetes [%]

25.03

–

24.69

–

24.84

–

28.45

–

Hyperlipidemia [%]

40.25

–

40.53

–

40.56

–

38.26

–

Cancer [%]

21.48

–

20.92

–

21.41

–

21.80

–

COPD [%]

9.23

–

9.13

–

8.79

–

8.31

–

Asthma [%]

15.32

–

14.77

–

15.16

–

16.62

–

Pulmonary embolism [%]

2.98

–

3.01

–

2.69

–

3.66

–

Connective tissue disease [%]

2.56

–

2.73

–

2.72

–

4.38

–

Inflamatory bowel disease [%]

1.44

–

1.33

–

1.36

–

1.20

–

Osteoarthritis [%]

21.73

–

22.27

–

22.44

–

18.02

–

Rheumatroid arthritis [%]

27.59

–

29.01

–

27.81

–

21.14

–

HIV [%]

0.60

–

0.65

–

0.64

–

0.90

–

Smoking (never)

44.02

36.18

44.71

34.77

44.16

36.46

0.00

100.00

Smoking (previous)

15.48

36.18

16.44

34.77

15.15

36.46

0.00

100.00

Smoking (current)

4.32

36.18

4.08

34.77

4.22

36.46

0.00

100.00

Smoking (unknown)

0.00

36.18

0.00

34.77

0.00

36.46

0.00

100.00

White blood cells [10*3/ul]

6.94 (4.17, 12.34)

49.24

6.96 (4.16, 12.26)

48.57

6.98 (4.18, 12.45)

48.40

7.12 (4.46, 13.08)

96.72

Neutrophil [%]

70.50 (51.89, 84.25)

50.67

71.00 (51.40, 84.65)

50.08

70.98 (52.33, 84.43)

49.87

72.10 (54.65, 85.48)

97.16

Lymphocytes [%]

18.28 (7.50, 35.40)

50.66

18.00 (7.20, 35.70)

50.05

18.02 (7.50, 35.00)

49.84

13.01 (5.28, 28.53)

91.13

Eosinophil [%]

0.75 (0.00, 3.00)

51.41

0.70 (0.00, 3.00)

51.00

0.73 (0.00, 2.97)

50.57

1.45 (0.15, 3.96)

92.71

Basophil [%]

0.30 (0.00, 1.00)

51.48

0.30 (0.00, 1.00)

51.06

0.28 (0.00, 0.91)

50.70

0.36 (0.10, 1.35)

91.37

Platelets [10*3/ul]

232.38 (143.00, 365.00)

49.28

233.21 (144.00, 368.10)

48.62

232.68 (144.00, 366.63)

48.45

220.09 (141.55, 345.90)

96.76

C-reactive protein [mg/l]

73.62 (8.00, 185.52)

68.39

71.50 (8.98, 184.92)

67.98

73.38 (9.00, 183.01)

67.81

69.29 (6.00, 200.12)

55.18

hs. C-reactive protein [mg/l]

56.55 (4.85, 162.00)

96.62

61.10 (3.43, 168.00)

96.66

56.14 (4.96, 158.78)

96.31

16.19 (3.38, 167.23)

99.28

Procalcitonin [ng/ml]

0.16 (0.04, 2.59)

82.33

0.16 (0.04, 2.82)

81.96

0.17 (0.04, 2.59)

81.99

0.24 (0.06, 3.08)

79.98

Fibrin D-dimer [mg/l]

0.91 (0.29, 4.95)

93.20

0.95 (0.31, 5.83)

93.15

0.89 (0.26, 4.72)

93.16

0.00 (0.00, 0.01)

88.63

Ferritin [ng/ml]

574.00 (97.34, 2196.90)

69.77

567.85 (101.02, 2211.85)

69.59

566.49 (96.00, 2212.00)

69.13

798.00 (155.52, 5625.30)

62.10

Cardiac Troponin T [ng/ml]

0.02 (0.00, 0.15)

69.57

0.02 (0.00, 0.18)

68.94

0.02 (0.00, 0.16)

69.05

0.01 (0.01, 0.09)

88.57

Creatinine [mg/dl]

0.91 (0.62, 2.14)

49.52

0.90 (0.61, 2.16)

48.65

0.90 (0.60, 2.13)

48.42

0.94 (0.62, 2.81)

40.48

Lactate dehydrogenase [U/l]

331.33 (191.00, 606.87)

70.94

335.00 (189.00, 605.71)

70.94

330.94 (193.45, 590.83)

70.55

348.00 (208.00, 703.67)

61.22

GGT [U/l]

54.50 (13.25, 280.90)

96.62

47.50 (13.30, 243.20)

96.55

54.50 (14.57, 318.00)

96.69

97.50 (20.80, 644.10)

99.32

AAT [U/l]

33.67 (17.00, 85.00)

54.60

34.00 (18.00, 88.39)

53.87

33.67 (17.27, 87.40)

53.77

39.15 (19.41, 96.38)

47.33

Creatine kinase [U/l]

124.81 (38.00, 660.14)

78.95

124.04 (37.00, 803.53)

78.61

126.00 (37.00, 722.20)

78.24

148.00 (37.49, 884.45)

81.62

Bilirubin [mg/dl]

0.50 (0.30, 1.00)

54.59

0.50 (0.30, 1.00)

53.84

0.50 (0.30, 1.00)

53.65

0.50 (0.30, 1.06)

46.65

Albumin [g/dl]

3.42 (2.50, 4.40)

54.41

3.42 (2.50, 4.40)

53.70

3.44 (2.50, 4.40)

53.48

3.27 (2.15, 4.20)

62.60

IL-6 [pg/ml]

24.42 (6.57, 168.48)

95.53

23.00 (7.00, 145.60)

95.60

24.33 (7.00, 171.30)

95.50

48.62 (8.86, 526.97)

87.77

pH

7.40 (7.28, 7.47)

84.29

7.40 (7.28, 7.47)

85.07

7.40 (7.28, 7.47)

84.29

7.41 (7.33, 7.47)

86.77

PCO₂ [mmHg]

40.91 (31.00, 56.21)

88.03

41.00 (31.00, 55.93)

88.34

41.06 (30.37, 56.00)

88.05

40.36 (31.35, 51.01)

90.85

PaO₂ [mmHg]

88.26 (61.00, 131.00)

88.08

87.18 (59.00, 127.26)

88.35

88.00 (60.00, 130.91)

88.10

86.23 (61.00, 135.97)

91.35

HCO₃ [mmol/l]

25.00 (19.50, 30.21)

78.57

25.00 (19.60, 30.00)

79.04

25.00 (19.88, 30.00)

78.22

25.11 (20.03, 30.66)

80.98

CO₂ [mmol/l]

24.50 (20.50, 28.33)

51.10

24.44 (20.50, 28.19)

49.95

24.40 (20.56, 28.33)

49.98

24.25 (20.51, 28.40)

58.08