Table 2 Descriptive statistics for selected subgroups (Caucasian, Asian, Black or African American, Hispanic, Not Hospitalised) of the held-out Optum test cohort, and for the Optum future cohort.
From: Real-time prediction of COVID-19 related mortality using electronic health records
Held-out optum test set | Future cohort | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Black | Hispanic | Asian | Caucasian | Not hospitalised | June 6–July 13 2020 | ||
Value | Value | Value | Value | Value | Value | ||
Patients [#] | 3312 | 1732 | 513 | 7010 | 9366 | 14,041 | |
COVID-19 [%] | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |
Hispanic [%] | 2.48 | 100.00 | 2.92 | 7.89 | 10.09 | 15.53 | |
Black [%] | 100.00 | 4.73 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 20.93 | 18.97 | |
Caucasian [%] | 0.00 | 31.93 | 0.00 | 100.00 | 51.70 | 49.47 | |
Asian [%] | 0.00 | 0.87 | 100.00 | 0.00 | 3.75 | 2.90 | |
Inpatient admission [%] | 36.78 | 44.69 | 31.19 | 29.60 | 0.00 | 24.44 | |
ICU admission [%] | 9.87 | 6.87 | 5.07 | 7.02 | 0.00 | 3.64 | |
Mortality [%] | 5.10 | 3.06 | 4.87 | 6.36 | 2.65 | 0.80 | |
Model inputs | Female [%] | 60.27 | 51.79 | 54.00 | 53.88 | 56.54 | 54.83 |
Age [years] | 52.00 (28.00, 76.00) | 45.00 (22.00, 70.00) | 48.00 (28.00, 74.00) | 58.00 (29.00, 84.00) | 52.00 (27.00, 79.00) | 44.00 (20.00, 73.00) | |
Weight [kg] | 89.45 (63.50, 125.35) | 79.78 (56.76, 108.86) | 68.04 (52.64, 93.31) | 82.78 (58.21, 117.52) | 82.37 (58.61, 117.03) | 81.40 (56.70, 115.18) | |
Height [cm] | 168.91 (157.48, 183.00) | 165.10 (152.40, 177.80) | 162.56 (152.40, 175.26) | 167.64 (154.94, 182.88) | 167.64 (154.94, 182.88) | 167.64 (153.67, 182.88) | |
BMI [kg/m2] | 31.40 (23.00, 43.66) | 29.75 (22.88, 39.44) | 26.16 (20.74, 32.21) | 28.93 (21.81, 40.10) | 29.12 (21.95, 40.39) | 28.80 (21.52, 39.43) | |
Intubation [%] | 5.01 | 3.23 | 5.85 | 4.15 | a1.75 | 0.49 | |
Temperature [∘C] | 36.94 (36.50, 37.65) | 36.90 (36.45, 37.70) | 36.90 (36.50, 37.80) | 36.85 (36.40, 37.60) | 36.90 (36.40, 37.62) | 36.83 (36.40, 37.68) | |
SpO2 [%] | 96.81 (94.00, 99.00) | 97.00 (93.75, 99.00) | 96.50 (93.06, 99.00) | 96.00 (93.04, 98.59) | 96.82 (93.45, 99.00) | 97.52 (94.61, 99.14) | |
Heart rate [/min] | 85.86 (70.32, 103.33) | 86.14 (71.58, 106.17) | 86.22 (70.10, 103.48) | 83.00 (67.00, 101.00) | 84.00 (68.00, 103.00) | 81.82 (65.84, 101.00) | |
Respiratory rate [/min] | 18.68 (16.00, 24.00) | 18.57 (16.00, 24.16) | 19.00 (16.00, 24.99) | 18.63 (16.00, 23.70) | 18.00 (16.00, 22.88) | 17.79 (15.27, 21.00) | |
Dyspnoea [%] | 61.50 | 51.50 | 52.44 | 59.49 | 52.34 | 45.17 | |
Sys. blood pressure [mmHg] | 127.87 (111.57, 150.00) | 124.18 (107.00, 145.84) | 121.32 (103.58, 143.57) | 124.67 (108.34, 145.26) | 125.16 (108.00, 146.00) | 124.60 (107.86, 146.23) | |
Dias. blood pressure [mmHg] | 75.30 (63.36, 89.21) | 74.02 (62.00, 87.33) | 73.89 (61.02, 87.61) | 72.38 (61.00, 86.00) | 74.52 (62.00, 87.96) | 75.33 (63.00, 88.22) | |
Kidney disease [%] | 18.39 | 7.39 | 7.99 | 14.47 | 10.39 | 7.64 | |
Ischaemic heart disease [%] | 18.75 | 10.10 | 13.84 | 21.97 | 14.33 | 13.14 | |
Other heart diseases [%] | 62.98 | 39.38 | 43.86 | 59.39 | 47.92 | 41.97 | |
Cerebovascular disease [%] | 11.35 | 5.31 | 7.99 | 13.27 | 8.58 | 7.63 | |
Hypertension [%] | 57.49 | 32.91 | 34.11 | 50.07 | 40.85 | 33.77 | |
Diabetes [%] | 33.24 | 23.27 | 22.81 | 23.79 | 20.71 | 18.07 | |
Hyperlipidemia [%] | 41.67 | 29.56 | 34.89 | 48.15 | 37.88 | 32.67 | |
Cancer [%] | 23.19 | 13.39 | 12.87 | 26.73 | 20.05 | 18.55 | |
COPD [%] | 9.09 | 4.16 | 2.73 | 11.57 | 6.74 | 5.70 | |
Asthma [%] | 19.72 | 14.67 | 10.33 | 15.82 | 13.40 | 13.27 | |
Pulmonary embolism [%] | 3.74 | 1.27 | 1.36 | 2.87 | 1.85 | 1.56 | |
Connective tissue disease [%] | 3.47 | 1.96 | 1.17 | 3.17 | 2.21 | 2.17 | |
Inflamatory bowel disease [%] | 1.00 | 0.40 | 0.58 | 2.00 | 1.33 | 1.18 | |
Osteoarthritis [%] | 25.39 | 12.18 | 10.92 | 27.92 | 20.51 | 17.41 | |
Rheumatroid arthritis [%] | 36.11 | 20.15 | 15.20 | 32.13 | 25.43 | 24.04 | |
HIV [%] | 1.03 | 0.81 | 0.19 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.48 | |
Smoking (never) | 46.23 | 56.12 | 53.22 | 40.30 | 38.11 | 53.28 | |
Smoking (previous) | 15.76 | 10.22 | 8.58 | 18.13 | 12.53 | 14.91 | |
Smoking (current) | 6.16 | 3.87 | 3.12 | 3.88 | 3.07 | 5.44 | |
Smoking (unknown) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
White blood cells [10*3/ul] | 6.75 (3.95, 12.33) | 6.93 (4.29, 12.25) | 7.06 (4.52, 12.35) | 7.00 (4.24, 12.28) | 6.80 (4.17, 11.90) | 6.60 (4.20, 11.00) | |
Neutrophil [%] | 71.00 (50.50, 84.74) | 70.36 (54.00, 83.62) | 73.31 (54.24, 85.30) | 71.00 (53.31, 84.05) | 69.00 (50.60, 84.33) | 63.50 (46.52, 80.50) | |
Lymphocytes [%] | 18.05 (7.44, 37.02) | 19.09 (8.17, 34.98) | 17.00 (6.98, 35.06) | 17.67 (7.41, 34.00) | 19.45 (7.53, 36.80) | 24.80 (10.50, 40.80) | |
Eosinophil [%] | 0.49 (0.00, 2.40) | 0.57 (0.00, 2.66) | 0.70 (0.00, 2.25) | 0.95 (0.00, 3.00) | 0.90 (0.00, 3.20) | 1.25 (0.00, 4.00) | |
Basophil [%] | 0.30 (0.00, 1.00) | 0.25 (0.00, 0.70) | 0.18 (0.00, 0.70) | 0.30 (0.00, 1.00) | 0.31 (0.00, 1.00) | 0.42 (0.00, 1.00) | |
Platelets [10*3/ul] | 236.00 (148.38, 369.84) | 236.00 (150.40, 368.80) | 242.33 (143.58, 348.74) | 229.00 (141.20, 352.53) | 234.33 (144.00, 362.94) | 235.42 (151.00, 343.00) | |
C-reactive protein [mg/l] | 70.00 (11.29, 172.50) | 69.62 (5.75, 188.17) | 79.08 (21.48, 176.79) | 73.83 (9.00, 183.42) | 69.12 (6.00, 179.19) | 40.10 (2.75, 158.30) | |
hs. C-reactive protein [mg/l] | 56.90 (9.20, 125.00) | 56.55 (3.07, 138.76) | 60.42 (3.95, 167.75) | 57.00 (4.50, 170.20) | 52.45 (3.26, 144.39) | 9.10 (0.80, 122.33) | |
Procalcitonin [ng/ml] | 0.18 (0.04, 3.84) | 0.15 (0.04, 2.84) | 0.32 (0.04, 2.83) | 0.16 (0.04, 1.90) | 0.19 (0.04, 2.96) | 0.13 (0.04, 1.38) | |
Fibrin D-dimer [mg/l] | 1.14 (0.32, 7.28) | 0.53 (0.18, 2.40) | 0.57 (0.25, 3.28) | 0.93 (0.29, 3.70) | 0.72 (0.24, 3.91) | 0.79 (0.31, 3.50) | |
Ferritin [ng/ml] | 574.83 (113.85, 2446.07) | 554.47 (88.00, 1956.78) | 911.01 (152.40, 3397.40) | 540.20 (90.23, 2015.77) | 533.73 (78.25, 2046.47) | 298.20 (33.38, 1577.72) | |
Cardiac Troponin T [ng/ml] | 0.01 (0.00, 0.13) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.09) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.49) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.19) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.20) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.09) | |
Creatinine [mg/dl] | 1.01 (0.67, 2.90) | 0.80 (0.53, 1.85) | 0.87 (0.57, 2.02) | 0.89 (0.61, 1.88) | 0.90 (0.61, 1.88) | 0.86 (0.60, 1.44) | |
Lactate dehydrogenase [U/l] | 347.00 (209.28, 602.25) | 325.18 (183.77, 616.27) | 394.50 (217.40, 719.21) | 312.00 (186.50, 558.85) | 328.00 (189.96, 586.03) | 282.71 (171.00, 567.93) | |
GGT [U/l] | 40.67 (20.00, 287.43) | 69.90 (25.00, 538.32) | 73.02 (25.05, 392.52) | 43.00 (11.00, 247.54) | 58.00 (13.00, 315.43) | 30.00 (10.25, 202.75) | |
AAT [U/l] | 34.00 (18.00, 85.45) | 36.42 (18.00, 88.82) | 44.67 (22.07, 133.48) | 31.33 (17.00, 81.94) | 30.54 (17.00, 80.41) | 24.00 (15.00, 56.30) | |
Creatine kinase [U/l] | 171.35 (49.50, 908.83) | 105.29 (40.00, 497.77) | 133.20 (42.94, 643.30) | 100.47 (31.23, 593.24) | 127.00 (41.00, 641.50) | 110.00 (36.00, 564.10) | |
Bilirubin [mg/dl] | 0.50 (0.28, 1.00) | 0.50 (0.30, 0.90) | 0.58 (0.30, 1.05) | 0.50 (0.30, 1.00) | 0.50 (0.30, 1.00) | 0.45 (0.20, 0.90) | |
Albumin [g/dl] | 3.43 (2.56, 4.20) | 3.50 (2.55, 4.40) | 3.40 (2.30, 4.40) | 3.43 (2.50, 4.50) | 3.62 (2.70, 4.60) | 4.10 (2.90, 4.70) | |
IL-6 [pg/ml] | 19.00 (6.48, 178.40) | 22.00 (6.00, 233.17) | 31.00 (7.88, 206.45) | 21.67 (7.00, 165.00) | 28.00 (7.00, 207.53) | 8.10 (4.20, 52.49) | |
pH | 7.40 (7.29, 7.48) | 7.40 (7.27, 7.47) | 7.41 (7.25, 7.46) | 7.40 (7.28, 7.48) | 7.39 (7.26, 7.47) | 7.42 (7.31, 7.48) | |
PCO2 [mmHg] | 40.38 (29.63, 53.60) | 41.73 (32.00, 56.99) | 42.04 (32.32, 57.66) | 41.40 (30.00, 55.91) | 40.95 (30.00, 57.89) | 37.00 (28.25, 50.64) | |
PaO2 [mmHg] | 87.30 (61.06, 136.69) | 87.47 (60.18, 126.00) | 97.29 (66.18, 129.43) | 86.64 (59.00, 130.00) | 86.78 (60.07, 141.46) | 77.00 (53.00, 130.50) | |
HCO3 [mmol/l] | 25.00 (19.97, 29.70) | 25.00 (20.00, 30.25) | 24.62 (18.52, 29.20) | 25.00 (20.00, 30.53) | 25.00 (20.00, 29.48) | 24.67 (19.30, 29.00) | |
CO2 [mmol/l] | 24.20 (20.33, 28.26) | 24.42 (20.87, 28.07) | 24.00 (19.39, 27.04) | 24.59 (20.86, 28.71) | 24.50 (20.75, 28.50) | 24.13 (21.00, 28.00) | |
