Fig. 2: Annual changes in composite phenotypes.

Time-series plots: annual aboveground net primary production (NPP) and total carbon (TotalC, i.e. cumulated NPP), at the population level by block, at the a Mont-Laurier and b Chibougamau common garden sites. The color scheme indicates the mean annual growing degree days above 5 °C at provenance (GDD5p) seed sources. Vertical bars: Results of generalized additive models (GAM) for population differentiation and clinal variations in annual NPP. A high adjusted R2 (AdjR2) value denotes a high goodness-of-fit between NPP and the explanatory variables GDD5p, mean annual precipitation (MAPp), admixture proportions along Western, Central, and Eastern genetic clusters (gWest, gCenter, gEast), and spatial factors (sp) represented by the distance-based Moran’s eigenvector maps. The number of sampled independent populations in GAM analysis was n = 42 for Mont-Laurier and n = 45 for Chibougamau, each having three replicates. All shown variables are significant at the two-sided 5% level.