Fig. 2: Characterizations of GDY and GASs.

a AFM image, b TEM image (scale bar: 200 nm), c high-resolution TEM image (scale bar: 5 nm), d SAED pattern (scale bar: 5 1/nm), e high-resolution XPS C 1 s spectra, and f Raman spectrum of GDY. g, h I–V curves measured in sweep cycles of 0 to 5 V and 0 to −5 V for Li-GAS and Na-GAS, respectively. Inset: Schematic illustrations of ion dynamic diffusion under positive and negative pulses.