Fig. 1: Map of sampling stations.

a Overview map of Svalbard, with the three investigated fjords indicated by colored rectangles, and examples of a sediment core from each fjord (Kongsfjorden = red, core KFa6; Lilliehöökfjorden = blue, core LF5; Dicksonfjorden = gray, core DF3). b–d Maps of sampling stations in the individual fjords; b Kongsfjorden, c Lilliehöökfjorden, d Dicksonfjorden. White dots represent sediment sampling stations. Yellow dots represent glacial source sampling stations; BAY Bayelva river, MLB Midre Lovenbreen, ALB Austre Lovenbreen, FB Ferringbreen. The yellow dots without labels indicate plume and iceberg samples. Red triangles show the location of NyAlesund and Longyearbyen for orientation. 10-m satellite imagery from Sentinel-2 taken on 2 August 2017.