Fig. 7: DNA methylation-spikes are cell-type-specific and enriched for TF motifs.

a Strategy for identifying small (maximum 6-bp wide) spikes of DNA methylation. b Genomic distance distribution of averaged DNA methylation ratios in MO and moDC across moDC 5mC-spikes. Values of central CpGs are indicated by larger dots and the number of 5mC-spikes is given in the lower left corner. c Pie chart illustrating the genomic location distribution of moDC 5mC-spikes (inner circle) relative to CpGs across the entire genome. d Venn diagram depicting the overlap between 5mC-spikes, DMR, and accessible regions (ATAC peaks) in moDC. e Venn diagram indicating the number of common and cell-type-specific 5mC-spikes between MO and moDC. De novo–derived motifs for each 5mC-spike set are given along with the significance of motif enrichment (hypergeometric test) and the fraction of motifs in peaks (background values are in parenthesis). Top motifs corresponding to known factor families are shown for each set. f Balloon plot depicting the motif enrichment of selected motifs across all 5mC-spikes identified in each cell type (blue-green-yellow coloring according to corrected enrichment P-value) or cell-type-specific 5mC-spikes (red-pink-white coloring according to corrected enrichment P-value). The balloon size represents the fold-enrichment and the coloring indicates the corrected P-value (hypergeometric test, Benjamini-Hochberg multiple testing correction) of the motif occurrence in 5mC-spikes. g Pie charts illustrating the overlap of 5mC-spikes with the indicated CEBP factor ChIP-seq peaks in MO, MAC, and liver. h IGV genome browser tracks for the indicated WGBS and ChIP data sets at example regions around 5mC-spikes overlapping the CEBP consensus sequence. (b, c, f, g) Source data are provided as a Source Data file.