Fig. 5: Thermal, chemical, and light stability of the 3D porous VN.

a TG curve. b–g TEM and HRTEM (inset) images recorded from the 3D porous VN treated at different conditions: b 800 °C for 5 h; c 6 M NaOH for 5 h; d 6 M HCl for 5 h; e 20 mW laser (532 nm) for 5 h; f 0.3 M PB for 8 h; g 0.9% NS for 8 h. h XRD patterns of the samples shown in (b–g). i XPS spectra of the 3D porous VN treated at different conditions.