Fig. 4: Itaconate shunts carbohydrates into production of pro-biofilm EPS in S. aureus.

a 13C-glucose labeling of S. aureus LAC metabolites involved in EPS production in the presence or absence of itaconate (30 mM). For each molecule, the different isotopologues are shown. b Biofilm production (normalized for growth) of LAC in increasing itaconate concentrations (0 to 62 mM), with or without glucose (0.5%). Data are shown as mean ± SEM from n = 3 biological replicates from one independent experiment (a) or 3 independent experiments (b). Significance determined by two-tailed t-Student with FDR correction (a) or One-Way ANOVA with Tukey’s Multiple Comparisons (b); *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.