Fig. 4: Raman spectra, XRD patterns, XPS spectra, and XANES spectra of different samples.

a Raman spectra of CF/VGSs, CF/VGSs/MoS2, and CF/VMFO. b XRD patterns of different samples. c Magnified XRD patterns of CF/VMFO and CF/VMFP. d–f XPS spectra of Fe 2p (d), Co 2p (e), and Ni 2p (f) for CF/VMFO. g–i Normalized Fe (g), Co (h), and Ni (i) K-edge XANES and spectra of CF/VMFO, CF/VGSs/FeCoNi(OH)x, and standard samples. The inset of a is the magnified Raman spectra of CF/VGSs/MoS2 and CF/VMFO.