Fig. 2: Scenario 1 simulating the development and deepening of permafrost during a cold and dry stadial.
From: Increased autumn and winter precipitation during the Last Glacial Maximum in the European Alps
This model uses a mean annual air temperature of −4 °C and an initial temperature at the top of the ground of 1 °C. The curves depict the mean annual temperature. The rectangle with the orange shading marks the −1 to 0 °C window of possible cryogenic cave carbonates formation for the depth range of the Obir caves.
