Fig. 5: Infection-induced endogenous lipids promote γδ T IL-17A production.

a–e LC-MS/MS assessment of CL species in BLF from infected mice at 5 dpi (n = 5). a CL elution profile. b Abundance of identified CLs with various carbon chain length and double-bond components. Circle sizes correspond to abundance of chromatographic peak areas of CLs among identified CL species. c Phosphatidyl (PA) composition in CLs. Bars represent mean profile abundance of each PA in all identified subunits of CL molecules. d The double-bond distribution in CLs. Bars represent the mean profile abundance of total double-bond counts in all identified CL species. e Relative abundance of CL species normalized to internal standard CL(14:0/14:0/14:0/14:0) (n = 5). f CL in BLF of LCMV-clone13-infected mice at 7 dpi assessed by fluorometric assay (n = 6). g–k MDCK cells were infected, treated with LPS (10 μg/mL) or hypoxic environment (1% O₂/5% CO₂) for 24 h. g Content of CL (n = 5). h Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination. Mitochondria (arrowheads), vacuole formation (double arrows), filamentous particle formation and viral particles (arrows). i ATP in supernatant assessed using Cell-Glo ATP assay (n = 6). j, k MitoTracker Green and MitoSOX red mitochondrial superoxide indicator (j) or JC-1 dye (k) were used for assessing production of superoxide by mitochondria (j) or mitochondrial depolarization (k) (n = 5). l Mice at 1 dpi were i.p. injected with CL (100 μg/kg) and analysed at 5 dpi (n = 3). m Mice were i.v. given 500 μg of anti-CD1d antibody at 1 dpi and analysed at 4 dpi (n = 3, 5). n Schema of antibiotics treatment in o and p (n = 10). o Bacteria load in stool and BLF. p Frequency of IL-17A⁺ γδ T (left) and number of γδ T cells (right) in lungs. Data are combined from two or three independent experiments and represented as mean ± SEM. P values were determined using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test (e, f, l, m, o, p) or one-way ANOVA (g, i, j, k). Source data are included in Source Data file.