Fig. 5: Cell-type-selective responses to tFUS but not to the SSHK sham condition.
From: Intrinsic functional neuron-type selectivity of transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation
The ultrasound parameters listed in Table 1 were used in this study. Isoflurane was used to anesthetize the rats. a, b The comparison for identified 592 single units across different PRF conditions under direct tFUS stimulation condition with isoflurane anesthesia. 245 RSUs and 347 FSUs were separated. During tFUS condition, RSUs significantly differed their responses to different PRF conditions (Kruskal–Wallis chi-squared = 42.02, p = 1.65 × 10−8). Data are shown as the mean±s.e.m. of normalized firing rates, with statistical comparisons made through Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA on ranks and post hoc one-tail two-sample Wilcoxon tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (PRF 30 Hz vs. PRF 300 Hz: p = 8.42 × 10−4; PRF 30 Hz vs. PRF 1500 Hz: p = 1.76 × 10−3; PRF 30 Hz vs. PRF 3000 Hz: p = 4.84 × 10−5; PRF 30 Hz vs. PRF 4500 Hz: p = 8.36 × 10−9; PRF 300 Hz vs. PRF 4500 Hz: p = 8.43 × 10−6; PRF 1500 Hz vs. PRF 4500 Hz: p = 1.25 × 10−3). *p < 0.005, **p < 0.001, ***p < 0.0001. NS, not significant. s.e.m., standard error of mean. c In a 2-way ANOVA analysis, a statistically significant interaction (p = 4.09 × 10−7) between the neuronal type, i.e., RSU/FSU, and the PRF levels was found. Data are shown as the mean±s.d. of normalized firing rates. ***p < 0.001. s.d., standard deviation. d In the SSHK condition, ultrasound was delivered onto the shank of the electrode base from the recording sites as further depicted. The ultrasound was transmitted onto the electrode shank via ultrasound coupling gel. e–h Ultrasound levels during SSHK were delivered in two grades 100% (e, f) and 43% (g, h). No significant effect was observed in both RSUs and FSUs for all SSHK conditions through statistics by Kruskal–Wallis H-test. NS, not significant. Results from more SSHK levels can be found in Supplementary Fig. 6e–h. See more details about the levels of SSHK conditions in Methods. Data are shown as the mean ± s.e.m. of normalized firing rates, with statistical comparisons made through Kruskal–Wallis one-way ANOVA on ranks with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. s.e.m., standard error of mean. NS, not significant. e, f The comparison for identified 386 single units across different PRF conditions under direct 100% power delivered at electrode shank stimulation condition. 192 RSUs and 194 FSUs were separated. g, h The comparison for identified 525 single units across different PRF conditions under direct 43% power delivered onto the electrode shank. 225 RSUs and 300 FSUs were identified and separated. Source data are provided in the Source Data file.
