Fig. 3: EV^DX signature for differentiation of MBC, NMBC, and HD.

a, b PRC for the EV^DX signature (a weighted sum of eight EV markers by LDA, solid lines) and SUM (unweighted sum of eight EV markers, dashed lines). c Confusion matrix showing an overall accuracy of 91.1% across MBC, NMBC, and HD. d Hierarchical clustering of individual EV protein markers and the EV^DX signature showing no segregation according to metastasis sites of MBC patients. e Significant (P = 0.0408) elevation of EGFR level on EVs from MBC patients with lung metastasis (n = 12 patients, red dots), as compared to MBC patients without lung metastasis (n = 21 patients, gray dots). Statistical difference was determined by a two-sided, nonparametric Mann–Whitney test. P value is indicated in the chart. f Concordance between tumor size and the EV^TS signature identified using multivariate linear regression (MLR). Mean square errors (MSE) and R squared (R²) are indicated. Linear regression result is indicated by the dashed line. Error bars represent the mean ± s.d. in (e). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.