Fig. 6: Regional emergence and cryptic transmission of dengue 2 viruses causing recent outbreaks in Southeast Brazil.
From: Lying in wait: the resurgence of dengue virus after the Zika epidemic in Brazil
A Time-resolved phylogeny of DENV-2 circulating in the Americas since 1987 (n = 220). Branch colors represent reconstructed ancestral locations using discrete phylogeography. BR1–BR4 represent lineages of DENV-1, numbered in sequential order based on their dates of introduction in Brazil, as previously described48,51. DENV-2 genomes sequenced in this study (n = 23) are highlighted with asterisks (*). B Continuous phylogeography showing the local spread of DENV-2 in Southeast Brazil, state of São Paulo (SP). Areas numbered as 1 (Ribeirão Preto), 2 (Araraquara), and 3 (São José do Rio Preto) correspond to some of the main locations where DENV-2 circulated in 2018 (see Fig. 2B). Shaded areas represent uncertainties, expressed as the 80% highest posterior density (HPD) of the possible locations of origin of viral ancestors. C Main DENV-2 outbreak clade in (A), plotted as movement vectors in (B). The violin plot shows the posterior density interval for the TMRCA. Numbers refer to areas shown in (B). D Weighted lineage dispersal velocity through time, reaching its peak around January 2016, with mean velocity of 66.2 km/year (confidence interval, 31.3–103.5 km/year).
