Table 2 Overview of the simulations that were performed for this study.

NoOS

1850–2035

45–90°N

Historical + SSP5-8.5

Observ.

pi-control

2^*1

1

P2050

2035–2065

45–90°N

Overshoot, SSP5-8.5 peak in 2050

NoOS

NoOS

2^*1

1

P2075

2035–2115

45–90°N

Overshoot, SSP5-8.5 peak in 2075

NoOS

NoOS

2^*1

1

P2100

2035–2165

45–90°N

Overshoot, SSP5-8.5 peak in 2100

NoOS

NoOS

2^*1

1

CC \({}_{{{{\rm{NoOS}}}}}^{{{{\rm{NoOS}}}}}\)

1000 years

45–90°N

^*3PACT1.5 (SSP5-8.5: 2030–2040)

NoOS

NoOS

2^*1

2, 3

CC \({}_{{{{\rm{P2050}}}}}^{{{{\rm{P2050}}}}}\)

1000 years

45–90°N

^*3PACT1.5 (SSP5-8.5: 2030–2040)

P2050

P2050

2^*1

2, 3

CC \({}_{{{{\rm{P2075}}}}}^{{{{\rm{P2075}}}}}\)

1000 years

45–90°N

^*3PACT1.5 (SSP5-8.5: 2030–2040)

P2075

P2075

2^*1

2, 3

CC \({}_{{{{\rm{P2100}}}}}^{{{{\rm{P2100}}}}}\)

1000 years

45–90°N

^*3PACT1.5 (SSP5-8.5: 2030–2040)

P2100

P2100

2^*1

2, 3

CC \({}_{{{{\rm{NoOS}}}}}^{{{{\rm{NoOS}}}}}\)

2500 years

45–90°N

^*4PACT1.5 (SSP5-8.5: 2030–2040)

NoOS

NoOS

2^*2

4, 6–8

CC \({}_{{{{\rm{NoOS}}}}}^{{{{\rm{P2100}}}}}\)

2500 years

45–90°N

^*4PACT1.5 (SSP5-8.5: 2030–2040)

P2100

NoOS

2^*2

4, 6–8

CC-REG\({}_{{{{\rm{NoOS}}}}}^{{{{\rm{NoOS}}}}}\)

7500 years

Grid box

^*4PACT1.5 (SSP5-8.5: 2030–2040)

CC \({}_{{{{\rm{NoOS}}}}}^{{{{\rm{NoOS}}}}}\)

CC \({}_{{{{\rm{NoOS}}}}}^{{{{\rm{NoOS}}}}}\)

2^*2

4

CC-REG\({}_{{{{\rm{NoOS}}}}}^{{{{\rm{P2100}}}}}\)

7500 years

Grid box

^*4PACT1.5 (SSP5-8.5: 2030–2040)

CC\({}_{{{{\rm{NoOS}}}}}^{{{{\rm{P2100}}}}}\)

CC\({}_{{{{\rm{NoOS}}}}}^{{{{\rm{P2100}}}}}\)

2^*2

4