Fig. 4: Device performance of twist mode and strain mode and mechanical simulation of the GSOLED based on 3 M elastomer.

a Camera images of the device at different twist angles (0°, 90°, and 180°). b Current efficiency and quantum efficiency at different twist angles. Inset of b shows EL intensity at different twisting angles. c Device performance including luminance (red), current efficiency (blue), quantum efficiency (green), and current density (black) against 100 times twisting cycles. d, Camera images of the device on strain condition (0, 30, 65, and 100%). e Lifetime 50% (LT 50) of the devices at various 2D stretch percentages (0–100%). f The device performance stability of the cyclic test was further evaluated using a stretch-release cyclic test where the devices were tested for up to 100 cycles at an applied strain of 30%, demonstrating high mechanical robustness. g Mechanical simulation to demonstrate the strain induced on the GSOLEDs by the wavy buckle formation and schematic illustration showing hollow encapsulation of NOA63 on top of the device structure.