Fig. 1: A high-throughput evolutionary experiment involving 87 communities composed of subsets of a 16 species set.

A Subsets of the 16 species were used to assemble 44 pairs and 43 trios. All 16 species were evolved in monocultures in parallel to the assembled communities. Each community was grown in 3–18 replicates, a full list of communities and the number of replicates is found in Supplementary Table 2. B Each community was grown in M9 minimal media supplemented with three carbon sources in cycles of 48 h growth-dilution by a factor of 1500. Overall, communities grew for 38 cycles, which correspond to ~400 generations. C Phylogenetic tree based on the full-length 16S sequence of the 16 species used for this study.