Fig. 1: Climate change in the Barents and Kara Seas in the past.
From: The poleward enhanced Arctic Ocean cooling machine in a warming climate
a The time series of ocean heat transport through the Barents Sea Opening (BSO) and the cold season (October–March) sea ice area (SIA) in the Barents and Kara Seas. The linear trends of b cold season sea ice concentration (SIC), c annual mean sea surface heat flux (SSHF), d cold season sea surface heat flux, e warm season (April–September) sea surface heat flux, and f cold season mixed layer depth (MLD) of 1979/80–2017/18. Dots indicate that linear trends exceed the 95% confidence level. The black lines in b–f are the 0 °C surface isotherm based on climatology from WOA13, which can represent the boundary between the southwestern and northern Barents Sea14. Upward sea surface heat flux is positive. Ocean heat transport (a), SSHF (c, e, d), and MLD (f) are from the Ocean ReAnalysis System 5 (ORAS5). Satellite observed SIA (a) and SIC (b) are from the National Snow and Ice Data Center.
