Fig. 2: Subpolar Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) time series.

30-day MOC estimates across the full array, OSNAP West and East, respectively. Shading indicates uncertainty in the 30-day estimate, obtained from a Monte Carlo method10. Horizontal dashed lines indicate the 12-month averages (10-month for 2017–2018). The total Ekman transport (not shown) is \(-1.5\,\pm\, 0.02\,{{{\rm{Sv}}}}\) during the whole time period.