Table 4 Outcomes up to 3 years of life.

From: Association between confirmed congenital Zika infection at birth and outcomes up to 3 years of life

Children outcomes—up to 3 years of life

Confirmed congenital infection at birth

Negative testing at birth

p

N = 15

N = 97

Microcephaly < −3SD*

       At 1 year

2 (13.3%)

1 (1.0%)

0.0060

       At 2 yearsa

2 (13.3%)

1/96 (1.0%)

0.0080

       At 3 yearsb

2/11 (9.1%)

1/51 (2.0%)

0.0237

Weight < 5th percentile*

       At 1 years

2 (13.3%)

6 (6.2%)

0.2908

       At 2 yearsa

2 (13.3%)

6/96 (6.3%)

0.2947

       At 3 yearsb

1/11 (9.1%)

3/51 (5.9%)

0.6944

Neurologic impairments at 2ya—no (%)

5 (33.3%)

4/96 (4.2%)

0.0001

   Cerebral palsy

2 (13.3%)

0/96 (0.0%)

0.0170

   Severe dystonia or tremors

3 (20.0%)

3/96 (3.1%)

0.0070

   Seizures

3 (20.0%)

2/96 (2.1%)

0.0170

Motor acquisitions

   Age at sitting position (m)—median (min–max)

6 (3–24)

6 (4–11)

0.8113

       Delay for sitting position (>9 m)–no (%)

2 (13.3%)

1 (1.0%)

0.0060

   Age at walking (m)—median (min–max)

11 (8–24)

11 (7–17)

0.3289

       Delay for walkinga (>18 m)—no (%)

1 (6.7%)

0/96 (0.0%)

0.0110

Vision and hearing evaluation

   Impaired response to visual stimuli—no (%)

2 (13.3%)

1 (1.0%)

0.0060

   Impaired response to auditory stimuli—no (%)

2 (13.3%)

1 (1.0%)

0.0060

Age at CDAS evaluationb (m)—median (min–max)

35 (33–39)

36 (34–40)

0.7665

   Global assessment – no (%)

       “Comfort” zone (>−1SD)

3/11 (27.3%)

30/51 (58.8%)

0.0572

       “To be monitored” zone ([−2SD; −1SD])

1/11 (9.1%)

14/51 (27.5%)

0.1972

       “Referral” zone (<−2SD)

7/11 (63.4%)

7/51 (13.7%)

0.0003

   Motor domain—no (%)

       “Comfort” zone (>−1SD)

7/11 (63.4%)

47/51 (92.2%)

0.0105

       “To be monitored” zone ([−2SD; −1SD])

2/11 (18.2%)

3/51 (5.8%)

0.1742

       “Referral” zone (<−2SD)

2/11 (18.2%)

1/51 (2.0%)

0.0790

   Socio-emotional domain—no (%)

       “Comfort” zone (>−1SD)

7/11 (63.4%)

41/51 (80.4%)

0.2280

       “To be monitored” zone ([−2SD; −1SD])

0/11 (0.0%)

4/51 (7.8%)

0.3369

       “Referral” zone (<−2SD)

4/11 (36.4%)

6/51 (11.8%)

0.0442

   Cognitive and language domain—no (%)

       “Comfort” zone (>−1SD)

3/11 (27.3%)

32/51 (62.7%)

0.3140

       “To be monitored” zone ([−2SD; −1SD])

2/11 (18.2%)

16/51 (31.4%)

0.3820

       “Referral” zone (<−2SD)

6/11 (54.5%)

3/51 (5.9%)

<0.0001

  1. For qualitative variables, absolute frequencies and relative frequencies (percentages) are presented. Secondary outcomes were compared across the groups using χ2, Fischer, and Wilcoxon tests.
  2. a111 infants evaluated at 2 years of life, including 15 with laboratory-confirmed congenital ZIKV infection.
  3. b62 children evaluated at 3 years of life using the CDAS, including 11 with laboratory-confirmed congenital ZIKV infection.
  4. *According to WHO Child Growth Standards <2 years and CDC growth charts >2 years of life. Exact p values were estimated by χ2, Fischer, or Wilcoxon tests (two-sided).
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