Fig. 5: Transcriptional patterns of diverse mitochondrial pathways across tissues.

a Schematic representation of mitochondrial structure depicting the compendium of mitochondrial PCGs, including 13 PCGs encoded by mitochondrial DNA and 1043 post-translationally imported nuclear PCGs. mt-PCGs: mitochondrial protein coding genes; mt-localized nu-PCGs: mitochondria-localized nuclear PCGs. b Density/contour plots of the distribution of tissue specificity (τ) and transcription level (TPM: transcripts per million) for PCGs located within (left panel) or outside of (right panel) the mitochondria. Data points in the plot indicate the 13 mt-PCGs, with the horizontal and vertical dashed lines indicating the average transcription level and tissue specificity of these mt-PCGs, respectively. c t-SNE plot depicting the transcriptional patterns of all mt-localized PCGs across 72 tissues. The transcription levels were log₂-transformed. d t-SNE plot showing clustering of the transcriptional patterns of mt-localized OXPHOS PCGs across tissues (left panel). Ellipse in the t-SNE plot indicates clustering of SMTs, constructed at a probability of 0.95. The boxplot indicates dynamic transcription levels (right panel, n = 88). In the boxplot, the internal line indicates the median, the box limits indicate the upper and lower quartiles and the whiskers extend to 1.5 IQR from the quartiles. e t-SNE plot showing clustering of the transcriptional patterns of the mt-localized FAO PCGs across tissues (left panel). Ellipse in the t-SNE plot indicates the AT cluster, constructed at a probability of 0.95. The boxplot indicates the dynamic transcription levels (right panel, n = 36). In the boxplot, the internal line indicates the median, the box limits indicate the upper and lower quartiles and the whiskers extend to 1.5 IQR from the quartiles. Source data for b–e are provided as a Source Data file.