Fig. 5: Nitro compound reduction.

a Schematic illustration of nitro reduction through the cascade reaction catalyzed by formate dehydrogenase coupled with nitroreductase. b Nitro compound reduction catalyzed by Pd NPs with formic acid as the electron donor. c UV–Vis absorption spectra of pNP (20 μM) in different mixture solutions after reacting for 10 min. Dotted line: NaOH was added before UV–Vis absorption measurement. d UV–Vis absorption of pNP (20 μM) at 400 nm versus time under different conditions. e Cyclic voltammograms of Pd NPs in the presence of pNP (10 mM), with a scan rate of 10 mV s⁻¹. All experiments were conducted in PBS (50 mM, pH = 7.4).