Fig. 4: Alum-3M-052 induces better innate activation compared to Alum in macaques.

A Flow cytometry gating strategy used to identify various innate cells in blood. Live cells were selected using live/dead marker and CD3⁺ and CD20⁺ cells were excluded. Then, different innate cells were defined using the following combination of markers. B and C Frequencies of various innate cells (B), Monocytes (HLA-DR⁺)—classical (CD14⁺), intermediate (CD14⁺ and CD16⁺) and non-classical (CD16⁺); PDCs (HLADR⁺ CD14⁻ CD16⁻ CD123⁺ BDCA1⁻); BDCA1⁺ DC (HLADR⁺ CD14⁻ CD16⁻ CD123⁻ BDCA1⁺); MDCs (HLADR⁺ CD14⁻ CD16⁻ CD123⁻ CD11c⁺); M-MDSC cells (HLADR⁻ CD14⁺ CD11b⁺); PMN-MDSC cells (HLADR⁻ CD14⁻ CD11b⁺) and NK cells (HLADR⁻ NKG2A⁺); and CD86⁺ activation (C). NK natural killer cells, PDC plasmacytoid dendritic cells, MDC myeloid-derived dendritic cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), polymorphonuclear (PMN)—MDSC, and monocytic (M)—MDSC. Groups were color-coded; Alum: Blue, Alum-3M-052: Red. Bars and columns show mean responses in each group ± SEM; Statistical significance was measured using two-tailed paired t-test for comparisons within the group and two-tailed un-paired parametric t-test for comparisons between the groups. Asterisks denote statistical significance ∗p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01.