Fig. 3: Biogenic carbon material flow from wood harvest going to Hierarchical use.

Units are percentages of original harvest calculated in the CBM model54. ‘Red’ and ‘Green’ refer to a quality threshold of acceptable straightness, taper and knots in a log accepted by sawmills, with ‘Green’ being the higher quality. Carcassing refers to construction grade sawn wood. Data sources include wood harvest volumes from the CBM-CFS3 model, sawmill product breakouts, UK statistics on wood waste and harvested wood product decay functions, elaborated in relevant sections of Methods and in S1.