Fig. 4: Main processes and inputs accounted for during primary, secondary and end-of-life uses of harvested wood products (HWP) within consequential life cycle assessment boundaries. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Main processes and inputs accounted for during primary, secondary and end-of-life uses of harvested wood products (HWP) within consequential life cycle assessment boundaries.

From: Commercial afforestation can deliver effective climate change mitigation under multiple decarbonisation pathways

Fig. 4

Main processes arise during each stage of the value chain, including forest establishment (and associated land use change from grassland); wood processing (debarking, milling, wood panel and paper production from primary and secondary wood flows); storage of carbon in HWP (primary and secondary wood products); recycling and disposal of HWP (primary and secondary wood products), including incineration (with energy recovery) and landfill; bioenergy generation (with bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) in later years); substitution of fossil fuels for energy generation; substitution of mineral construction materials.

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