Fig. 1: Characterization of the reduction sequence.

a H₂-TPR profiles for the as-deposited mono- and quinary-component samples supported on TiO₂, Al₂O₃, and MgO. b In situ XANES and FT-EXAFS spectra at the Co, Ni, Cu, Ru, and Pd K-edge acquired from (i) CoNiCuRuPd/TiO₂ after reduction under H₂ at 500 °C and (ii) the corresponding foil reference materials.