Fig. 4: Integrated feedback-driven intercommunicating networks X and Y using the mixture of stimulants hairpin a (H_a) and hairpin d (H_d).

a Subjecting the mixture M to the two stimulants H_a and H_d results in the state M_c, where the H_a-triggered time-dependent metabolic network (Y)-driven transition of X into X_a and the concomitant H_d-triggered time-dependent photosynthetic network (X)-guided transition of constitutional dynamic network CDN Y into Y_a occur. S and P represent substrate and product, respectively. b Time-dependent formation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) by the photosynthetic network X at time intervals of activation by stimulant H_a-triggered operation of the metabolic network Y. For duplicate results in b, see Supplementary Fig. 34. c Time-dependent operation of metabolic network (followed by the reduction of methylene blue MB⁺ to MBH) at time intervals of H_d-triggered operation of the photosynthetic network. N = 2 (for b) and N = 3 (for c) independent experiments were performed, respectively. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.