Fig. 5: Multi-responsive healing performance of the supercapacitor.

a CV curves at different scan rates. b GCD curves at different current densities. c Rate performance of areal and volumetric capacitances at current density ranging from 10 to 50 mA cm−2. Optical, electrical, and magnetic healing process over 10 cutting-healing cycles: d CV curves at a scan rate of 10 mV s−1, e GCD curves at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, f areal capacitance and healing efficiency during optical (black), electrical (red), and magnetic (blue) healing process, and g EIS spectra during the optical healing processes. The inset showing the enlarged view of the rectangular area in the high-frequency region. h Optical images show the lighting of a LED bulb by three supercapacitors connected in series during the cutting-healing process. The yellow and red squares are the enlarged photographs of the capacitor and bulb, respectively.