Table 2 Epigenome-wide association results showing DMSs associated with fGCMs BLUPs among N = 25 hyenas.

CpG location in C. crocuta genome (scaffold #)	β ± SE^†	FDR P value^‡	P^†	Nearest human gene(s)^a	Approx. location^c	CHR^c	Human ref. BLAT score/% identical match/# bp span^a	Cat ref. BLAT score/% identical match/# bp span^b	Gene name^a
119.9138483	0.118 ± 0.024	0.031721	7.167E − 07	DENND3	Gene body	8	700/87.8%/20,675	6691/87.9%/26,590	DENN domain containing 3
27.4578142	−0.022 ± 0.004	0.031432	6.628E − 07	TSHZ2	Gene body	20	4664/87.8%/23,955	12,602/88.8%/21,036	Teashirt zinc finger homeobox 2
271.106661	0.023 ± 0.004	0.026112	4.518E − 07	TSKU	Gene body	11	3511/85.5%/18,366	12,756/88.8%/19,971	Tsukushi, small leucine-rich proteoglycan
296.402426	0.026 ± 0.005	0.044999	1.22E − 06	RAB43/ISY1	Gene body	3	1109/87.3%/17,857	8296/88.0%/24,384	RAB43, member RAS oncogene family / ISY1 splicing factor homolog
477.763333	0.038 ± 0.007	0.006652	5.01E − 08	ADA	Gene body	20	1996/87.6%/14,038	11,524/89.3%/17,915	Adenosine deaminase
7.745562	0.018 ± 0.004	0.026112	5.113E − 07	ZSCAN2	Gene body	15	1311/85.6%/11,881	11,637/89.3%/19,302	Zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 2

Only DMSs that were also significantly associated with a maternal care metric at P < 0.1 are shown in this table, while the remaining fGCM-associated DMSs are in Supplementary Table 8. DNA methylation was assessed during the subadult life stage, and fecal samples were collected from animals during the subadult and adult life stages.
DMSs differentially methylated CpG sites, fGCMs fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, BLUPs best linear unbiased predictors, CHR chromosome.
^† Beta estimates and unadjusted P values are from binomial regression models run in program MACAU and then corrected for inflation and bias using the package bacon.
^‡ FDR P value based on Benjamini–Hochberg correction (5%).
^a Mapping of spotted hyena DNA sequences spanning 20.4k bp onto the human genome (Human Dec. 2013 [GRCh38/hg38] Assembly) was done using the top hit from the UCSC Genome Browser’s BLAT tool.
^b Mapping of spotted hyena DNA sequences spanning 20.4k bp onto the domestic cat genome (Felis catus Nov. 2017 [felCat9] Assembly) was done using the top hit from the UCSC Genome Browser’s BLAT tool.
^c Reference genome is hg38.

Search