Fig. 4: Effects of ferroelectric polarization and surface oxygen vacancies.
From: Synergy of ferroelectric polarization and oxygen vacancy to promote CO2 photoreduction
a, b AFM image and the standard ferroelectric phase image measured in air after applying +10 V and −10 V voltage of BNT. c polarization-electric field hysteresis loops of BNT and BNT-OVP. Pr and Ec represent remnant polarization and coercive field, respectively. d, f Surface charge and (e) corresponding charge difference profile of BNT-P and BNT-OVP. g Photocurrent response of BNT, BNT-P, BNT-OV2 and BNT-OVP under light with different wavelengths (h) Mott–Schottky plots of BNT, BNT-P, BNT-OV2 and BNT-OVP at a frequency of 500 Hz (0.1 M Na2SO4). i Combined 2D force field images, obtained by measuring 300 single force-versus-distance curves over BNT-P and BNT-OVP in 10 mM aqueous NaCl and averaged force curves from measurement in a plotted versus tip-sample distance.
