Table 1 The results of mixed-factorial ANOVAs for cortical excitability parameters measured via different TMS protocols.

From: Cognitive functions and underlying parameters of human brain physiology are associated with chronotype

ppTMS protocol

Factor

df

F

P

ηp2

I–O curve

Age

1

2.714

0.111

0.091

 

Gender

1

0.259

0.614

0.009

 

BMI

1

2.410

0.132

0.081

 

Chronotype

1

0.359

0.553

0.013

 

Daytime

1

0.099

0.754

0.003

 

Intensity(100%,110%, 130%,150% RMT)

1.14

0.165

0.919

0.006

 

Chronotype × daytime

1

25.432

<0.001

0.485

 

Chronotype × intensity

1.14

0.522

0.499

0.018

 

Daytime × intensity

1.29

1.570

0.203

0.054

 

Chronotype × daytime × intensity

1.29

15.792

<0.001

0.369

SICI-ICF

Age

1

0.047

0.828

0.001

 

Gender

1

0.611

0.441

0.022

 

BMI

1

0.142

0.708

0.005

 

Chronotype

1

0.224

0.639

0.008

 

Daytime

1

0.217

0.644

0.007

 

ISI(2,3,5,10,15 ms)

2.55

1.754

0.126

0.061

 

Chronotype × daytime

1

72.168

<0.001

0.727

 

Chronotype × ISI

2.55

0.255

0.826

0.009

 

Daytime × ISI

3.49

0.708

0.569

0.025

 

Chronotype × daytime × ISI

3.49

13.441

<0.001

0.332

I-wave facilitation

Age

1

0.022

0.882

0.001

Gender

1

1.854

0.184

0.064

BMI

1

0.001

0.980

0.001

 

Chronotype

1

0.204

0.654

0.007

 

Daytime

1

1.092

0.305

0.038

 

ISI(early,middle,late)

1.35

1.126

0.315

0.040

 

Chronotype × daytime

1

44.240

<0.001

0.621

 

Chronotype × ISI

1.35

0.788

0.416

0.028

 

Daytime × ISI

1.18

2.066

0.158

0.071

 

Chronotype × daytime × ISI

1.18

1.087

0.316

0.038

SAI

Age

1

0.001

>0.999

0.001

 

Gender

1

0.074

0.786

0.002

 

BMI

1

0.351

0.557

0.012

 

Chronotype

1

0.377

0.544

0.013

 

Daytime

1

0.610

0.441

0.022

 

ISI(20,40 ms)

1.96

1.359

0.265

0.047

 

Chronotype × daytime

1

114.205

<0.001

0.808

 

Chronotype × ISI

1.96

0.312

0.732

0.011

 

Daytime × ISI

1.61

1.175

0.309

0.041

 

Chronotype × daytime × ISI

1.61

30.106

<0.001

0.527

  1. ppTMS paired-pulse TMS, MEP motor-evoked potentials, chronotype early and late chronotypes (ECs, LCs), daytime morning vs evening in each group, ISI interstimulus interval (in ms), I–O curve input–output curve, SICI-ICF short-latency intracortical inhibition and facilitation, SAI short-latency afferent inhibition, RMT resting motor threshold.
  2. Note: Mixed-factorial ANOVAs with repeated measures (ISI × daytime × chronotype) were performed with ISIs, TMS intensity (in I-O curve only), and time of day (morning vs evening) as within-subject factors, chronotype (ECs vs LCs) as the between-subject factor, and age, gender and BMI as covariates. In case of statistical significance, post hoc comparisons were performed using Bonferroni-corrected t tests (two-sided). Significant effects are bold (where P < 0.05).
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