Table 3 Results of mixed factorial ANOVAs for cognitive task performance and respective ERP components.

From: Cognitive functions and underlying parameters of human brain physiology are associated with chronotype

Task

Measurement

Factor

df

F

P

ηp2

SRTT (motor learning)

RT

Age

1

2.607

0.118

0.091

Gender

1

0.366

0.549

0.013

BMI

1

0.918

0.346

0.034

Learning blocks (BL5-7)

1.63

1.722

0.195

0.062

Chronotype

1

0.712

0.406

0.026

Daytime

1

3.217

0.084

0.110

Chronotype × daytime

1

2.431

0.130

0.085

Learning blocks × chronotype

1.63

3.938

0.034

0.131

Learning blocks × daytime

1.89

2.815

0.072

0.097

Learning blocks × chronotype × daytime

1.89

9.971

<0.001

0.277

 

P300

Age

1

3.137

0.088

0.010

 

Gender

1

0.042

0.837

0.001

 

BMI

1

0.642

0.430

0.024

 

Learning blocks (BL5-7)

1.74

0.528

0.592

0.019

 

Chronotype

1

3.394

0.076

0.115

 

Daytime

1

2.593

0.119

0.090

 

Chronotype × daytime

1

1.486

0.233

0.054

 

Learning blocks × chronotype

1.74

0.311

0.734

0.011

 

Learning blocks × daytime

1.99

0.771

0.467

0.028

 

Learning blocks × chronotype × daytime

1.99

6.058

0.004

0.188

3-back (working memory)

Accuracy

Age

1

0.614

0.439

0.022

Gender

1

0.010

0.920

0.001

BMI

1

0.791

0.381

0.028

Chronotype

1

1.311

0.262

0.046

Daytime

1

0.073

0.788

0.002

Daytime × chronotype

1

10.347

0.003

0.277

d prime

Age

1

0.336

0.566

0.012

Gender

1

0.049

0.826

0.001

BMI

1

0.256

0.616

0.009

Chronotype

1

0.768

0.388

0.027

Daytime

1

0.022

0.881

0.001

Daytime × chronotype

1

10.82

0.002

0.286

RT

Age

1

0.053

0.818

0.001

Gender

1

2.174

0.151

0.074

BMI

1

1.665

0.207

0.058

Chronotype

1

0.083

0.775

0.003

Daytime

1

0.580

0.452

0.021

Daytime × chronotype

1

1.353

0.254

0.047

P300-Pz

Age

1

0.988

0.328

0.035

Gender

1

4.694

0.039

0.148

BMI

1

0.432

0.516

0.015

Chronotype

1

0.936

0.341

0.033

Daytime

1

0.001

0.988

0.001

Daytime × chronotype

1

12.395

0.001

0.314

P300-Cz

Age

1

0.943

0.340

0.033

Gender

1

0.001

0.999

0.001

BMI

1

0.595

0.447

0.021

Chronotype

1

0.137

0.714

0.005

Daytime

1

0.959

0.336

0.034

Daytime × chronotype

1

11.077

0.002

0.290

Stroop (selective attention)

Stroop block RT

Age

1

0.333

0.568

0.012

Gender

1

0.162

0.690

0.005

BMI

1

0.379

0.543

0.013

Chronotype

1

0.038

0.845

0.001

Daytime

1

2.768

0.107

0.093

Congruency

1

0.653

0.425

0.023

Daytime × chronotype

1

22.378

<0.001

0.453

Congruency × chronotype

1

0.688

0.414

0.024

Congruency × daytime

1

0.003

0.955

0.001

Congruency × chronotype daytime

1

0.548

0.465

0.019

Congruent trials RT

Age

1

0.388

0.538

0.014

Gender

1

0.019

0.890

0.001

BMI

1

0.286

0.596

0.010

Chronotype

1

0.008

0.926

0.001

Daytime

1

2.249

0.145

0.076

Daytime × chronotype

1

15.707

<0.001

0.367

 

Incongruent trials RT

Age

1

0.279

0.601

0.010

Gender

1

0.404

0.530

0.014

BMI

1

0.462

0.502

0.016

Chronotype

1

0.083

0.775

0.003

Daytime

1

2.649

0.115

0.089

 

Daytime × chronotype

1

24.622

<0.001

0.476

RT variability

Age

1

0.805

0.377

0.028

Gender

1

0.530

0.472

0.019

BMI

1

0.991

0.328

0.035

Chronotype

1

1.113

0.300

0.039

Daytime

1

0.014

0.906

0.001

Daytime × chronotype

1

22.475

<0.001

0.454

 

N200-Fz (congruent trials)

Age

1

0.110

0.742

0.004

Gender

1

1.563

0.222

0.056

BMI

1

0.013

0.906

0.001

Chronotype

1

1.312

0.262

0.048

Daytime

1

0.001

0.982

0.001

Daytime × chronotype

1

17.125

<0.001

0.397

N200-Fz (incongruent trials)

Age

1

0.259

0.614

0.009

Gender

1

1.662

0.208

0.060

BMI

1

0.016

0.899

0.001

Chronotype

1

2.382

0.134

0.083

Daytime

1

0.043

0.835

0.001

Daytime × chronotype

1

7.178

0.012

0.216

AX-CPT (sustained attention)

Accuracy

Age

1

1.824

0.187

0.063

Gender

1

0.942

0.340

0.033

BMI

1

0.035

0.852

0.001

Chronotype

1

0.508

0.481

0.018

Daytime

1

0.001

0.994

0.001

Daytime × chronotype

1

14.169

<0.001

0.344

RT

Age

1

0.210

0.649

0.007

Gender

1

0.270

0.607

0.009

BMI

1

0.754

0.392

0.027

Chronotype

1

0.002

0.958

0.001

Daytime

1

0.614

0.439

0.022

Daytime × chronotype

1

19.390

<0.001

0.417

P300-Pz

Age

1

0.237

0.629

0.008

Gender

1

5.017

0.033

0.151

BMI

1

0.805

0.377

0.027

Chronotype

1

0.244

0.624

0.008

Daytime

1

0.837

0.367

0.029

Daytime × chronotype

1

5.337

0.028

0.160

  1. BL block, RT reaction time, SRTT serial reaction time task, AX-CPT AX-continuous performance test.
  2. Note: Dependent variables were entered in a mixed-model ANOVA with chronotype (early vs late) as the between-subject factor, time of day (morning vs evening) as the within-subject factor, and age, gender and BMI as covariates. In SRTT, block (5, vs 6, 6 vs 7) was entered as an additional within-subject factor. For significant ANOVAs, post hoc comparisons of dependent variables across time of day (morning vs evening) were performed using uncorrected paired-sample t tests (two-sided). d prime = it is an index of and is calculated as d = ZHit—ZFA where Hit represents the proportion of hits when a signal is present (hits/(hits + misses)), also known as the hit rate, and FA represents the proportion of false alarms when a signal is absent (false alarms/(false alarms + correct negative)), the false-alarm rate. Significant effects are bold (where P < 0.05).
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