Table 1 Plasma levels of 62 cytokines measured in 14 infected pregnant women (PP), 28 uninfected pregnant women (PN) and 15 age-matched nonpregnant controls (CTR).

From: Endogenous control of inflammation characterizes pregnant women with asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection

	CTR (pg/ml; mean ± SEM)	PN (pg/ml; mean ± SEM)	PP (pg/ml; mean ± SEM)	CTR vs. PN	CTR vs. PP	PN vs. PP
Growth factors
EGF	39.3 ± 10.0	20.6 ± 4.8	50.2 ± 10.0	ns	ns	P = 0.003
FGF basic	2.08 ± 0.01	7.1 ± 1.6	6.1 ± 1.6	P = 0.01	P = 0.007	ns
G-CSF	15.5 ± 2.7	17.0 ± 2.9	18.9 ± 3.2	ns	ns	ns
GM-CSF	16.2 ± 2.4	18.9 ± 3.0	52.6 ± 16.3	ns	ns	ns
PDGF-AA	2699 ± 720.7	1355 ± 262.3	2018 ± 418.2	ns	ns	P = 0.04
PDGF-AB/BB	624.8 ± 152.3	527.8 ± 108.2	747.7 ± 141.6	ns	ns	ns
TGF-α	12.8 ± 2.7	10.3 ± 2.3	14.8 ± 2.7	ns	ns	ns
VEGF	67.3 ± 8.1	72.0 ± 13.1	104.0 ± 30.9	ns	ns	ns
IL-3	6.3 ± 1.1	4.2 ± 0.4	6.0 ± 1.2	ns	ns	ns
Chemokines
CCL2	173.2 ± 12.0	260.5 ± 94.4	220.0 ± 80.4	ns	ns	ns
CCL3	20.3 ± 4.2	12.7 ± 1.9	18.0 ± 2.2	ns	ns	ns
CCL4	273.7 ± 42.5	145.6 ± 21.6	225.5 ± 33.5	P = 0.008	ns	P = 0.01
CCL5	37,133 ± 9833	12,043 ± 1733	30,677 ± 6805	P = 0.001	ns	P = 0.01
CCL11	173.7 ± 21.3	90.8 ± 12.1	113.5 ± 14.9	P = 0.001	ns	ns
CCL19	85.8 ± 7.9	95.9 ± 13.2	123.5 ± 17.8	ns	ns	ns
CCL20	20.1 ± 3.8	21.1 ± 7.4	21.1 ± 4.6	ns	ns	ns
CXCL1	92.9 ± 17.6	45.1 ± 6.7	57.2 ± 10.6	P = 0.02	ns	ns
CXCL2	454.2 ± 176.9	83.1 ± 14.4	296.2 ± 83.0	P = 0.0001	ns	P = 0.001
CXCL10	79.6 ± 9.0	133.9 ± 22.8	814.2 ± 336.7	ns	ns	ns
CX3CL1	466.3 ± 49.8	423.1 ± 29.9	613.4 ± 108.1	ns	ns	ns
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
IFN-α	6.6 ± 1.2	3.5 ± 2.2	4.6 ± 0.6	P = 0.03	ns	ns
IFN-β	1.9 ± 0.4	0.8 ± 0.0	0.9 ± 0.0	P = 0.001	P = 0.01	ns
IL-1α	25.3 ± 5.7	9.6 ± 1.4	16.3 ± 3.6	P = 0.02	ns	ns
IL-1β	2.0 ± 0.5	2.5 ± 0.9	2.7 ± 0.6	ns	ns	ns
IL-6	7.8 ± 0.9	21.8 ± 10.4	22.0 ± 9.1	ns	ns	ns
IL-7	2.8 ± 0.6	1.7 ± 0.1	2.5 ± 0.4	ns	ns	ns
IL-11	878.2 ± 64.5	722.7 ± 34.5	712.2 ± 64.8	P = 0.03	ns	ns
IL-17	4.0 ± 0.9	2.9 ± 0.3	3.0 ± 0.5	ns	ns	ns
IL-17C	1.7 ± 0.2	1.9 ± 0.3	2.0 ± 0.3	ns	ns	ns
IL-17E	15.0 ± 4.8	7.8 ± 2.0	7.5 ± 1.6	ns	ns	ns
IL-18	342.8 ± 36.0	586.9 ± 106.2	838.3 ± 211.6	P = 0.04	ns	ns
IL-23	858.8 ± 71.3	967.9 ± 39.8	1016 ± 68.8	ns	ns	ns
IL-33	11.2 ± 2.4	4.6 ± 0.7	6.0 ± 1.3	P = 0.008	ns	ns
TNF	5.3 ± 1.3	8.1 ± 1.7	8.0 ± 1.1	ns	ns	ns
Anti-inflammatory cytokines
IL-1RA	250.7 ± 18.4	724.0 ± 159.5	2249 ± 652.4	P < 0.0001	P < 0.0001	P = 0.004
IL-4	1.5 ± 0.3	0.7 ± 0.0	1.0 ± 0.1	P = 0.008	ns	ns
IL-6RA	33,056 ± 1898	31,270 ± 851.3	33,136 ± 3160	ns	ns	ns
IL-10	94.9 ± 26.0	56.7 ± 14.5	134.8 ± 33.7	ns	ns	P = 0.02
IL-19	879.8 ± 149.7	433.2 ± 47.3	903.4 ± 204.4	P = 0.005	ns	P = 0.01
Immunoregulatory cytokines
IFN-γ	20.4 ± 6.7	5.0 ± 0.9	7.7 ± 1.8	ns	ns	ns
IL-2	12.8 ± 3.1	4.9 ± 0.8	7.7 ± 1.6	P = 0.02	ns	ns
IL-5	3.5 ± 0.6	1.7 ± 0.1	2.0 ± 0.3	P = 0.01	ns	ns
IL-12p70	5.1 ± 0.4	4.8 ± 0.2	5.0 ± 0.0	ns	ns	ns
IL-13	56.0 ± 11.0	30.7 ± 3.7	43.7 ± 6.0	ns	ns	ns
IL-15	1.8 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 00.2	1.6 ± 0.6	ns	ns	ns
IL-27	193.3 ± 27.4	3521 ± 345	1558 ± 465.8	P < 0.0001	ns	P = 0.003
Other molecules
APRIL	537.8 ± 78.4	427.4 ± 49.2	568.5 ± 72.0	ns	ns	P = 0.03
BAFF	439.9 ± 23.7	407.0 ± 21.7	502.8 ± 34.2	ns	ns	P = 0.01
BMP2	5.6 ± 0.8	5.0 ± 0.5	5.8 ± 0.6	ns	ns	ns
BMP4	12.3 ± 1.5	7.9 ± 0.4	9.3 ± 0.6	P = 0.03	ns	ns
BMP7	17.1 ± 1.7	22.1 ± 2.0	29.1 ± 4.7	ns	ns	ns
CD40L	703.5 ± 167.1	649.4 ± 104.2	774.8 ± 178.2	ns	ns	ns
FAS	6350 ± 620.0	5722 ± 230.0	4873 ± 432.9	ns	ns	P = 0.02
FASL	38.1 ± 2.2	38.1 ± 2.0	38.8 ± 1.2	ns	ns	ns
FLT-3	103.3 ± 8.0	111.4 ± 6.0	124.3 ± 19.0	ns	ns	ns
GRZB	8.5 ± 2.0	6.4 ± 0.9	20.0 ± 6.2	ns	ns	P = 0.01
LEPTIN	16,936 ± 2558	29,470 ± 2801	23,304 ± 4603	P = 0.006	ns	ns
LEPTIN R	31,213 ± 3138	49,922 ± 3465	42,631 ± 4806	P = 0.001	ns	ns
OPN	28,742 ± 2376	35,965 ± 2547	36,601 ± 4836	ns	ns	ns
PD-L1	91.0 ± 19.0	289.7 ± 19.7	197.2 ± 31.9	P < 0.0001	ns	P = 0.02
TACI	16.9 ± 2.2	12.0 ± 1.2	13.9 ± 1.1	ns	ns	ns
TRAIL	48.7 ± 5.8	17.6 ± 2.1	31.9 ± 7.1	P < 0.0001	ns	ns

Data are indicated as mean ± SEM. Two-tailed Mann–Whitney U-test with Bonferroni correction has been used. Exact p value is indicated. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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Table 1 Plasma levels of 62 cytokines measured in 14 infected pregnant women (PP), 28 uninfected pregnant women (PN) and 15 age-matched nonpregnant controls (CTR).

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