Fig. 1: Overview of our combined eruptive column-aerosol-climate modeling framework and experimental design to produce the three scenarios analysed in this study.

Table 1 provides the SO2 mass and eruption intensity used for each eruption scenario as well as key figures characterizing the HIST and SSP585 climate conditions. Further details on the models and design are provided in the Methods section. SST refers to sea-surface temperature and SSP5 8.5 is the high-end future climate scenario in projections of the UKESM1 Earth System Model.