Fig. 1: Disease severity in Syrian hamsters.

a Experimental layout for intranasal (I.N.), fomite and aerosol exposure experiments. White circle: inoculation, black: necropsy, gray, swab time-points b Relative weight loss in hamsters after SARS-CoV-2 inoculation over time (DPI = day post inoculation, N = 4 per group). The lines represent mean ± SEM. Black line indicates weights of unexposed control group. Dotted vertical line represent averaged peak weight loss post inoculation or exposure. Statistical significance was measured using a Mann–Whitney two-sided test, p-values are shown. c Violin plot with individuals and median of weight gain at 14 DPI. Statistical significance was measured using a Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test. d Violin plot with individual and median titers of infectious SARS-CoV-2 in the respiratory and intestinal tissues at 1 DPI and e 4 DPI, Red: I.N, blue: aerosol, purple: fomite, black: unexposed; dotted horizontal line = limit of detection (0.5). GI = gastrointestinal tract; N = 4 per group. Statistical significance was measured using a two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001, ***P < 0.0001, ****P < 0.0001. NS, not significant. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.