Fig. 4: Altered hematopoiesis of offspring from influenza infected dams.

a Markers used to define respective stem (HSC) and progenitor cell populations by flow cytometry in this study. b–f Frequency of Lin^- Sca⁺ cKit⁺ HSC, p = 0.0236 (b); Lin⁻ Sca^low cKit⁺ progenitor cells, p = 0.0121 (c); Lin⁻ Sca^low cKit⁺ CD16/32^low CD34⁺ common myeloid progenitor (CMP) cells, p = 0.0035 (d); Lin⁻ Sca^low cKit⁺ CD16/32⁺ CD34⁺ granulocyte–monocyte progenitor (GMP) cells, p = 0.0518 (e); and Lin⁻ Sca^low cKit⁺ CD16/32⁻ CD34⁻ megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor (MEP) cells (f) as percentage of Lin⁻ DAPI⁻ events in the bone marrow of 2-week-old offspring (n = 8) born to early gestational phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C))-treated or influenza A virus (IAV)-infected dams, as assessed by flow cytometry. g–l Frequency of B220⁺ B cells (g and j, p = 0.114 poly(I:C), p < 0.0001), CD49b⁺ natural killer (NK) cells (h, p = 0.0008 poly(I:C), p < 0.0001 and k, p = 0.0167), CD3⁺ CD4⁺ CD25⁺ FoxP3⁺ regulatory T ⁽T_Reg) cells (I, p = 0.0710 and l, p = 0.0059) as percentage of alive leukocytes in spleens (g–i) or lungs (j–l) of 2-week-old offspring (n = 8) born to early gestational PBS-treated, poly(I:C)-treated or IAV-infected dams, as assessed by flow cytometry. m Frequency of CD11b^- CD11⁺ CD45⁺ SiglecF⁺ alveolar macrophages as percentage of CD45⁺ cells in lung of 2-week-old offspring born to early gestational PBS-treated (n = 18), poly(I:C)-treated (n = 16) or IAV-infected (n = 16, p = 0.0287) dams, as assessed by flow cytometry. All n represent number of male and/or female offspring from respective groups. Groups were merged for clarity as no difference between males and females was observed. All data are presented as mean and SD. Different groups of offspring are depicted in dark circles (PBS), medium squares (Poly(I:C)), or light triangles (IAV) in orange colors. The statistical significance was calculated by Welch’s t test (two-tailed) (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). PBS-treated groups were used as a reference and compared to IAV-infected groups in all statistical analyses unless stated otherwise. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.