Fig. 2: Temperature in newborns after the cold stimulus.
From: BMP8 and activated brown adipose tissue in human newborns
a Cold exposure protocol. b Representative thermal images of newborns (female upper row and male lower row) at the control and cold exposed conditions: basal (0 min) and 3, 7, and 11 min after the cold stimulus. c Body and BAT temperature changes at the control and cold exposed conditions. A number of newborns/group (order of groups): 24, 24, 24, and 25. Box plot indicates median (middle line), 25th, 75th percentile (box), and 10–90th percentiles (whiskers; minima, and maxima, respectively). Body control vs. body cold exposed P < 0.001; Body cold exposed vs. BAT cold exposed P = 0.001. d–f Temperature changes in the deltoid, ear, and neck areas 3, 7, and 11 min after the cold stimulus. Number of newborns/group (order of groups): d 33, 32, 33, 33, 32, and 33, e 33, 32, 33, 19, 19, and 19, f 33, 32, 33, 19, 17, and 18. Box plots indicate median (middle line), 25th, 75th percentile (box), and 10–90th percentiles (whiskers; minima and maxima, respectively). Deltoid t = 0 vs. Deltoid t = 3, P < 0.0001; Ear t = 0 vs. Ear t = 3 P < 0.0001; Neck t = 0 vs. Neck t = 3 P = 0.0068; Deltoid t = 0 vs. Deltoid t = 7, P < 0.0001; Ear t = 0 vs. Ear t = 7 P < 0.0001; Neck t = 0 vs. Neck t = 7 P = 0.0888; Deltoid t = 0 vs. Deltoid t = 11 P < 0.0001; Ear t = 0 vs. Ear t = 11 P < 0.0001; Neck t = 0 vs. Neck t = 11 P = 0.017. g Temp BAT/Temp ear ratio at basal condition (0 min) and 3, 7, and 11 min after the cold stimulus. A number of newborns/group (order of groups): 15, 15, 15, and 13. Box plots indicate median (middle line), 25th, 75th percentile (box), and 10–90th percentiles (whiskers; minima and maxima, respectively). t = 0 vs. t = 3 P = 0.006; t = 0 vs. t = 7 P = 0.0115; t = 0 vs. t = 11 P = 0.0024; t = 3 vs. t = 7 P = 0.3894; t = 3 vs. t = 11 P = 0.0255; t = 7 vs. t = 11 P = 0.0255. Statistical significance was determined by two-sided linear mixed models followed by contrast of marginal means differences, with P values adjusted by Holm’s method. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, or P = 0.001 for Body cold exposed vs. BAT cold exposed. Statistical parameters for panel c are summarized in Supplementary Table 2. Source data are provided as a Source data file.
