Fig. 3: Difference in simulated water and energy metrics between the coordinated operation and the Washington draft proposal.

a Irrigation water withdrawal in Egypt. b Municipal water withdrawal in Egypt. c Hydropower generation in Egypt. d Electricity generation from the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. e System-wide electricity generation from hydropower. f Total evaporation from human-made reservoirs, Toshka spills, and river channel seepage. Positive values indicate higher simulated results with coordinated operation. The cyan- and red-colored points in the probability plots correspond to the cyan- and red-colored river flow traces, respectively. GDP gross domestic product, GERD Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.