Fig. 2: Crystallography, morphology, and kinetics of deposited lithium metal at low, moderate, and high areal capacities.
From: On the crystallography and reversibility of lithium electrodeposits at ultrahigh capacity
a–d 2D General area XRD analysis. a pristine lithium foil with (200) preferred crystal face orientation. b–d deposited lithium on Cu substrate with an areal capacity of 5 mAh cm−2. c 10 mAh cm−2, and d 20 mAh cm−2, showing (110) preferred crystal facet orientation. e–j kinetic studies of (200)Li and (110)Li electrodes. e Tafel plots and f, corresponding exchanging current density. The error bars (standard deviation) were calculated based on at least two sets of data. g, EIS and h, bulk resistance (RS), charge transfer resistance (RCT), and SEI resistance (RSEI) calculated by symmetrical Li||Li electrochemical cells. The error bars (standard deviation) were calculated based on at least two sets of data. i Lithium stripping/plating profiles of symmetrical Li||Li electrochemical cells. The current density used for lithium stripping/plating is 1 mA cm−2. j Chronoamperometry measurements in Li||Cu electrochemical cells. The notation (110)Li is used here to denote deposited Li with a platting capacity of 20 mAh cm−2. The notation (200)Li is used to denote Li foil obtained by electrochemically stripping 0.5 mAh cm−2 Li at a current density of 0.5 mA cm2, conditions where the Li foil can react with the electrolyte.
