Fig. 2: Mof haploinsufficient mice show impaired glucose tolerance and insulin secretion.

a Barplots showing the total body weight (left), overall percentage of lean and fat mass, and total water of 8-week-old (“young”, middle) or 26-week-old (“old”, right) Mof^+/+ and Mof^+/− animals under steady state (open bars) or after 16 h of starvation (filled bars). Dots in the barplots represent independent animals and error bars represent ±SEM. n = 4–5/group. b Blood glucose levels before and after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); 1 g/kg mouse; n = 5/group in 8- (young, left) and 26-week-old (old, right) n = 5/Mof^+/+ and n = 4/Mof^+/− male mice. Statistical analysis performed by two side, two-way ANOVA. p values are indicated in the figure. Error bars represent means ± SEM. c Glycemic peaks are represented as a ratio of peak glucose level (15 min after oral administration) over steady-state (fasting) level. Statistical analysis performed by two-sided Mann–Whitney test, *p = 0.05. Error bars indicate ±SEM. n = 4–5/group. Serum insulin levels at (d) steady state (fasting) and (e) at maxima (15 min after oral glucose administration), represented relative to fasting levels. Statistical analysis performed by two-sided Mann–Whitney test, *p = 0.05. Biological replicates: young: Mof^+/+ n = 5; Mof^+/− n = 4 and old: Mof^+/+ n = 5 and Mof^+/− n = 4. Error bars indicate ±SEM. f (i) UMAP-plots showing the major populations found in single-cell data from wild-type skeletal muscle (SKM), pancreas, white adipocytes (WAT), liver, kidney, and heart. Data were obtained in the PangloDB dataset (top panel). (ii) scRNA-seq data from indicated tissues was used to infer a gene regulatory network (GRN) using Mof as the regulatory node. Edges represent gene subsets. (iii) KEGG Gene Set Enrichment Analysis results depicted in barplots (colored by tissue type). Benjamini–Hochberg method applied to calculate FDR adjusted p values: ***p = 0.001, and *p = 0.05. See also Supplementary Source file for the original scRNA-seq data^41,114. g Comparative analysis of the tendencies of identified mouse metabolites that were previously scored in transition from normal to prediabetic (NtoP) and subsequently to diabetic stages (PtoT) in patients; original data from³⁷. Color bar indicates Spearman correlation scores (r); *p < 0.05. See also: Supplementary Fig. 3.