Table 1 Scoring system used to define the pathological changes in the lungs.

From: A Newcastle disease virus expressing a stabilized spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immune responses

Score

Area affected

Epithelial degeneration/necrosis

Inflammation

0

None

None

None

1

5−10%

Minimal; scattered cell necrosis/vacuolation affecting 5 to 10% of tissue section

Minimal; scattered inflammatory cells affecting 5−10% of tissue section

2

10−25%

Mild; scattered cell necrosis/vacuolation

Multifocal, few inflammatory cells

3

25−50%

Moderate; multifocal vacuolation or sloughed/necrotic cells

Thin layer of cells (<5 cell layer thick)

4

50−75%

Marked; multifocal/segmental necrosis, epithelial loss/effacement

Thick layer of cells (>5 cell layer thick)

5

>75%

Severe; coalescing areas of necrosis, parenchymal effacement

Confluent areas of inflammation