Fig. 3: Optical performance of the artificial ommatidia.

a Simulation of optical crosstalk among the three ommatidia with orientations of (α = 64.8°, β = 0°), (α = 72°, β = 0°), and (α = 79.2°, β = 0°) and intensity distributions at the proximal ends of the waveguides when the light is incident on the middle ommatidium. b A three-channel model to measure the crosstalk among the curved silicone waveguides. c Image captured at the output panel showing the light intensity at the proximal ends of the three silicone waveguides. d The measured light distribution at the output panel. e–h Simulation of ray tracing in the ommatidia with orientations of (e, f) (α = 0°, β = 0°) and (g, h) (α = 36°, β = 0°) and light intensity distributions at the proximal ends of the waveguides when the light is incident from different angles. i, j The angular sensitivity function of the ommatidia with orientations of (α = 0°, β = 0°) and (α = 36°, β = 0°), respectively. Red dots: the normalized intensity obtained from experimental measurements. Grey surface: Gaussian-fitting surface.