Fig. 7: A model showing Arabidopsis AtALA1-/AtALA7-mediated vesicle trafficking of DON/CIA for mycotoxin detoxification.
Toxins (DON or CIA) are wrapped into vesicles on the PM, and the formation of these structures is mediated by P4 ATPases (AtALA1/AtALA7). Then, the toxins are transported into vacuoles, where they are compartmented and degraded. Lipophilic CIA is capable of crossing the plasma membrane barrier into cells and produces wilt symptoms. With an unknown membrane-associated passive transporter or endocytosis/pinocytosis mechanism99, DON can enter the cell, resulting in cytotoxicity due to its interactions with a number of targets100,101,102. By avoiding contact with the targets, the vesicle/vacuolar compartmentation of the toxins protects the plant innate immune system from damage, thus allowing plants to maintain their innate immunity against the invasion of pathogens and consequently increasing resistance to mycotoxin-associated diseases, such as Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Verticillium wilt. PM plasma membrane; EE early endosome, LE late endosome; DON deoxynivalenol, CIA cinnamyl acetate.
