Fig. 1: Observation minus reanalysis (OMR) difference in cloud fraction and its relationship to aerosol optical depth (AOD).
a, b OMR differences in cloud fraction (with MODIS cloud amount as the observation) together with 700 hPa wind fields in March in Asia and August in Africa, respectively, during 2000–2015. c Time series of monthly averaged biomass-burning (BB) carbon emission, OMR difference in cloud fraction (with MODIS cloud amount as the observation), and MODIS AOD for Asia in March (the region for averaging is denoted in Supplementary Fig. 3a). d Cloud enhancement as a function of AOD in subtropical southeastern Asia in March during 2000–2015. Note: The dark red dots in (a) and (b) show satellite-detected fire counts. The blue boxes labeled A and B in (a) define regions with the highest OMR values for further analysis in Fig. 2. In (d), gray dots show daily regional results and the whisker-box plot gives the statistics of daily data with different AOD bins. The daytime cloud enhancement between the 10th and 90th percentiles is marked as the gray shading, and monthly results are color-coded with marker size indicating biomass-burning emission in the source region.
