Fig. 4: Vertical structure and diurnal evolution of black carbon (BC), air temperature, and clouds for typical episodes elucidated by model simulations. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Vertical structure and diurnal evolution of black carbon (BC), air temperature, and clouds for typical episodes elucidated by model simulations.

From: Aerosol-boundary-layer-monsoon interactions amplify semi-direct effect of biomass smoke on low cloud formation in Southeast Asia

Fig. 4: Vertical structure and diurnal evolution of black carbon (BC), air temperature, and clouds for typical episodes elucidated by model simulations.

a Vertical distribution of BC and air temperature in different modeling scenarios over Nanning (location shown in Fig. 3b) on 13 March 2004. Note that aerosol–radiation interaction (ARI), w/o ARI, scattering ARI indicate simulations with/without ARI effect, only accounting for aerosols’ scattering effect, respectively, and ECMWF means European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast Interim reanalysis data. b Diurnal cycle of cloud distributions from the runs with ARI on/off on 13 March 2004, compared with satellite and ground-based observations. Diurnal cycle of averaged cloud difference and BC concentration for the c 8 highest and d 8 lowest aerosol–cloud–boundary-layer interaction days in Nanning in March 2004. The dashed lines in (c, d) represent the air temperature difference with/without ARI effect (red for heating and blue for dimming, unit: K), and the aerosol–cloud–PBL interaction days are classified using the observation minus reanalysis (OMR) difference in surface air temperature at Nanning.

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