Fig. 5: Synergetic effect of aerosol–cloud–PBL interaction coupling with the monsoon circulation in subtropical southeastern Asia elucidated by model simulations. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Synergetic effect of aerosol–cloud–PBL interaction coupling with the monsoon circulation in subtropical southeastern Asia elucidated by model simulations.

From: Aerosol-boundary-layer-monsoon interactions amplify semi-direct effect of biomass smoke on low cloud formation in Southeast Asia

Fig. 5: Synergetic effect of aerosol–cloud–PBL interaction coupling with the monsoon circulation in subtropical southeastern Asia elucidated by model simulations.

a Monthly averaged column water vapor below 3 km and wind field at the altitude of 1 km in March of high aerosol optical depth (AOD) years. b Changes of column water vapor and pressure (blue contours, Unit: Pa) and wind field at the altitude of 1 km due to biomass-burning aerosols' ARI effect. c Vertical cross-section of water vapor with the wind field along the coastal region (17°N–23°N) in (a). d Same as c but for the changes due to the radiative effect of biomass-burning aerosols. Note: Results are averaged for March of high-AOD years (2004, 2007, 2010, 2014). The radiative effect of biomass-burning aerosols is shown by differences between the experiments with and without aerosol–radiation interaction.

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