Fig. 6: Synergetic feedback of smoke aerosol–cloud–boundary-layer interaction coupling with the monsoon in subtropical southeastern Asia.

The gray shading indicates the biomass-burning plume. The red area in the plume shows short-wave heating by absorbing aerosols like black carbon above the clouds. The blue shading on the lee side of the Shan Plateau indicates the strong dimming caused by aerosol–cloud–boundary-layer interactions over land. The yellow shading represents the water vapor supply. The plus and minus signs indicate positive and negative role in the feedback loop, respectively. SW means shortwave.