Fig. 6: Simulated Asian climate and atmospheric circulation responses to CO2 increase across the MPB.
From: Global warming-induced Asian hydrological climate transition across the Miocene–Pliocene boundary
Simulated summer precipitation (shading) and 850 hPa winds (black vectors) for a late Miocene (280 ppm CO2) and b Pliocene (400 ppm CO2) experiments. Simulated changes (Pliocene minus late Miocene) of summer c surface air temperature, d precipitation, e net moisture (precipitation minus evaporation), f 850 hPa winds (summer monsoon), g 500 hPa vertical velocity, and h 500 hPa winds (westerly jet), due to CO2 increase from the late Miocene level of 280 ppm to the Pliocene level of 400 ppm. Solid and dashed red inland contours in (a–h) denote 1500 and 3000 m topographic contours, respectively. Negative (green) and positive (yellow) shades in g represent increasing atmospheric ascending and descending flows, respectively. Note that stronger atmospheric ascending and descending flows generally result in more and less precipitation, respectively. The red dot indicates the location of the Shilou section. Black dots in c–e and g denote regions statistically significantly above the 95% confidence level (Student’s t-test). Summer is represented by May to September.
