Fig. 5: Comparison of yield gap (as percentage of yield potential) and yield-scaled metrics including global warming potential (GWP), water supply, number of pesticide applications, nitrogen (N) balance, and labor across 32 rice cropping systems.
From: Sustainable intensification for a larger global rice bowl
Panels show radar charts for A non-tropical and B tropical regions. For each metric, data were normalized relative to the maximum value across all cropping systems, except for the yield-scaled N balance, which was expressed as an absolute deviation from 8 kg N Mg−1 grain. Parenthetic values are the performance index of each system, with lower (higher) values indicating better (worse) overall performance. Cropping system codes are shown in caption to Fig. 1. See “Methods” section for explanation about the calculation of the overall performance index. Data are provided in Source Data.
