Fig. 2: Gene expression in anatomic features.

a Annotated H&E section of GBM highlighting areas of palisading cells around necrosis (PAN), microvascular proliferations (MVP), infiltrating tumor (IT), and cellular tumor (CT) regions. b, c Multidimensional scaling of all proteins using principal component analysis highlight (b) region- and (c) patient-specific protein spatial distributions. Note the reduction of inter-patient variability of regional signatures compared to whole (bulk) tissue profiling. Overall, samples derived from the same anatomic feature, regardless of patient origin, were more similar to each other. d Pearson correlation within and between tumors based on hierarchical clustering of all proteins (n = 78 samples). Anatomical features are a strong driver of proteomic intra-tumoral heterogeneity in GBM. e Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) is based on all samples and their comparisons against other sample types. Normalized enrichment score (NES) is derived from the GSEA output and accounts for differences in gene set size and in correlations between gene sets in the expression dataset. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.